In the same vein, a case report by Guina and Guina (2018) showed successful effects of EMDR treatment of depression in a patient suffering from aphasia, a condition hardly accessible to psychotherapy. Importantly, in some categories that reported successful results, the evidence was also too scarce (e.g., sleep, sexuality), thus not allowing for a generalisation of the effectiveness of EMDR in these categories. Finally, we found one group study (van Minnen et al., 2020) and a case series (Bae et al., 2015) on pathological Gambling. In the same vein, a clinical study on the effects of EMDR on musical performance (Brooker, 2018) demonstrated the effects of two sessions of either hypnotherapy or EMDR on objective performance and performance-anxiety within advanced pianists suffering from music performance anxiety. Schubert S. J., Lee C. W., Drummond P. D. (2011). Can moving your eyes back and forth help to ease anxiety? Behnammoghadam M., Alamdari A. K., Behnammoghadam A., Darban F. (2015). One group study (Borji et al., 2019) tested the effect of only two sessions of about 1 h of EMDR on perceived stress in patients with gastrointestinal cancer, compared to a control group of patients receiving routine care at home. Tarquinio C., Brennsthul M.-J., Dellucci H., Iracane-Coste M., Rydberg J. In sum, the evidence's overall quality was moderate, particularly in the case of the controlled group studies. Fortynine participants were randomly assigned to either an EMDR group (3 sessions), an Assertiveness training group or Treatment as usual (TAU). A total count of 175 records were assessed for eligibility, with a total of 71 records excluded based on the content. The subjects have to recall the traumatic or anxiety-producing event while performing various directed eye movement exercises. The question. Despite the clear need for more rigorous research, our review also demonstrated that EMDR has translational interests. You just met The One or maybe a shady character. From choosing baby's name to helping a teenager choose a college, you'll make . Their results showed significant decreases in scores in all of the different health and mental health assessments (e.g., SF-36 functioning survey, Anxiety, Depressive symptoms, and pain perception), demonstrating an efficacious effect of EMDR, despite the heterogeneous aetiologies of their sample. Using a mixture of standard and pain protocol, the authors report that between 5 and 10 EMDR sessions were sufficient to significantly decrease the phantom breast sensations and pain of the patients, as well as improve their scores in anxiety and depression questionnaires with results stable of up to 6 months post-treatment. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research . Papers were focused on the study of trauma specifically or data was not available (e.g., conference abstracts, full documents not found). Having worked with him for two years, we developed great rapport and made solid progress using Mindfulness based CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) which helped him learn and apply new skills . Download PDF By Carol Corcoran, LCMFT, LMFT What is EMDR? Regarding the data and the studies, the results of the ad-hoc quality assessment of the group studies revealed that the overall evidence found was of weak-to-moderate quality and any generalisation warrants precaution. The first one assessed chronic pain with a dedicated pain protocol (Brennstuhl et al., 2017b). Here, the adolescent patient followed a mixed protocol where she first received CBT therapy, and then EMDR only at the last two sessions. Edited by: Sara Carletto, University of Turin, Italy, Reviewed by: Markus Stingl, University of Giessen, Germany; Georgios Demetrios Kotzalidis, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Christopher William Lee, University of Western Australia, Australia, This article was submitted to Psychology for Clinical Settings, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology, These authors have contributed equally to this work. Szpringer M., Oledzka M., Amann B. L. (2018). We observed that the technique is used in many other situations beyond the traditional guidelines, and the number of studies and research on EMDR has consequently grown in the last 10 years. Another group study (Hase et al., 2008) compared alcohol cravings measured with the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) in two non-randomised groups. Crucially, results showed that the parent-child correlation toward negative bias in phobia is very high. One RCT study related to performance anxiety had previously reported that EMDR treatment reduced SUDs of discomfort of fearful imagery, as well as physiological anxiety (SCL), but did not reduce public speaking anxiety and was not different or better than any of the other control treatments (Carrigan and Levis, 1999). The efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of depression. In both studies, all patients improved in their symptoms at post-treatment, however, it was not possible to determine what can be accounted for by the EMDR procedure specifically. It is a therapy in which trained clinicians follow a structured protocol to help a person safely process unresolved, distressing memories that have been inadequately stored. Crucially, the improvements were specific to subjective reports of communication anxiety but failed to improve subjective reports of public speaking anxiety measures and their behavioural assessment. Psilocybin for Trauma-Related Disorders - PubMed To estimate this, the specific reported average of number of EMDR sessions was taken into account, when this was not possible, the average of the min-max range of the reported number was included (e.g., between 1 and 24). Both reviews (Faretta and Leeds, 2017; Faretta and Farra, 2019) found that EMDR is an effective therapy for panic disorder although there is a clear need for more controlled studies. Here we present an extensive body of work on the uses of EMDR where good care was taken to identify studies not focused on the study of trauma and PTSD. A second phase was added where all patients received one session of exposure in vivo to gauge the extent to which any of the conditions at phase one could potentiate the effects of exposure in vivo. When scientists have compared EMDR with imaginal exposure, they have found few or no differences. Despite the fact this study focused on pain and not trauma per se, the results shed some light on the fact that chronic pain may have an underlying aetiology specifically related to traumatic experiences, which are therefore best approached with the standard protocol. Results demonstrated that one single session of EMDR was sufficient to reduce the distress related to the flashbacks, although there was no difference in measures of depression and anxiety 3 months after the intervention. A randomized controlled trial examining the impact of individual trauma-focused therapy for individuals receiving group treatment for depression. This summer I've seen tremendous success using EMDR with Alex* (not his real name), a young adult client who was struggling with debilitating anxiety. (2020) reported a randomised controlled trial with patients showing symptoms of depression and mostly meeting criteria for a major depressive episode. Thus, further supporting the view that exposure therapy may be a critical prophylactic to fear-related distress. De Roos C., Veenstra A. C., De Jongh A., Den Hollander-Gijsman M. E., Van Der Wee N. J. New research on wolves give us some clues. ), the consistency of results (e.g., results were maintained at follow-up; results or interventions were not heterogeneous), and the precision and success of results. In the experimental group, participants were asked to self-generate any memory that they judged to be anxiogenic and were later assessed in their subjective reports of anxiety, and their physical performance in the pulling-force test (i.e., finger muscle contraction). This treatment carries a mouthful of a labeleye movement desensitization and reprocessingand it has made an impressive splash on the psychotherapy scene. Conversely, a higher proportion of group-controlled studies did perform follow-up assessment (70%), not being the case of RCT's, where only almost half (48%) of studies performed follow-up measures. Biden's 2024 Election Success Depends on How US Middle Class Feels EMDR for depression: a systematic review of controlled studies. One study (Maxfield and Melnyk, 2000) reported beneficial effects of EMDR on prospective test-related anxiety in test-anxious university students. This is a sign of the memory being processed and the brain beginning to heal. The therapist decides when is the right moment to proceed from one phase to another and is, therefore, able to decide to deepen a certain phase when judged necessary. Most studies lack sufficient information to attempt proper scientific replicability, which hinders the possible advantage of having those unsuccessful studies published and fuels doubt and apprehension in the scientific community. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The studies could further be distinguished by variations of the EMDR protocol reported. Another change occurs in the area of the brain that helps a person make sense of new information. A first case report documented a case of a female patient presenting symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), and major depression and anxiety (Brown and Shapiro, 2006). Balbo M., Zaccagnino M., Cussino M., Civilotti C. (2017). Crucially, we also observed a moderate (30%) heterogeneity in the types of interventions (e.g., the same patient group receives mixed therapies at the same time; the control condition is heterogeneous). In sum, these studies highlight how EMDR may be useful in the treatment of migraine, either as a prophylactic procedure or a treatment for acute migraine episodes. Over the past 15 years or so, one of these new kids on the therapy block has stood out from the pack for the remarkable attention it has received from the media, practitioners and mental health consumers. In the same vein, we found a case report (Corrigan and Jennett, 2004) of an OCD patient that was not responsive to CBT nor to a series of antidepressants (Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Clomipramine and Amitriptyline), although he was under fluvoxamine (300 mg/d) at the time of referral. They'll probably be just fine. Moreno-Alczar A., Treen D., Valiente-Gmez A., Sio-Eroles A., Prez V., Amann B. L., et al.. (2017). Finally, we found one case study of a patient with paraparesis after trauma of the spinal cord (Oledzka et al., 2016). EMDR Therapy for Trauma, Anxiety, and PTSD - Verywell Health Hatefi M., Tarjoman A., Moradi S., Borji M. (2019). For instance, EMDR may be suitable to use when there is a language barrier between the practitioner and the patient, also in young infants, deafness and speech disabilities. Summary of the article classification and the total of sample size of studies eligible for the systematic review. Finally, a more recent case study (Nicolas and Vautier, 2017) reported that one patient recovered from panic disorder after one single session of EMDR. (2000). To better assess these, we organised the studies based on the aetiology of the pain symptoms, namely: (1) Chronic pain, (2) Phantom pain, (3) Fibromyalgia, (4) Migraine, and (5) Acute pain/experimental (see Supplementary Table S6). Note that a similar group study was later reported (Hfel et al., 2018) in young patients suffering arthritis and being intolerant to methotrexate. In this study, speech anxious students followed either a standard protocol or no treatment. Eight RCT (out of 27), Two control-groups (out of 10) and three (out of 12) group studies reported that patients had stopped the EMDR sessions before completion of treatment. One case report on attachment disorder (Wesselmann and Potter, 2009), showed that patients suffering from relational and interpersonal functioning improved in their cognitions about their relationships. Post-intervention results indicated a significant difference between groups, mostly due to a decrease in pain intensity scores for the EMDR group and an increase in pain intensity in the No-EMDR group, suggesting that EMDR administered at the earliest has immediate positive effects on pain perception, and no intervention allows an increase in pain instead. The emergence of primary anoetic consciousness in episodic memory. (2018) was the only study included in mood disorders that used a different protocol than the standard protocol (i.e., DeprEnd). Dysfunctional family dynamics do not discriminate among socioeconomic status. Finally, we found a case report on a patient detained in a high-secured hospital that followed EMDR targeting triggers of the urge to self-injury (Annesley et al., 2019). We further sought to integrate all types of studies, including case studies. In support of previous findings on anxiety, we found one case study (Verkleij et al., 2017) reporting on an adolescent with difficult to control asthma with exacerbations exclusively related to the perception of shortness of breath (vs the cause of shortness of breath). 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. The effect of the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing intervention on anxiety and depression among patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial, Reducing anxiety and enhancing physical performance by using an advanced version of EMDR: a pilot study, A single session of hypnosis and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of chronic pain. The bilateral eye movements are proposed to facilitate information processing and integration, allowing clients to fully process traumatic memories. So EMDR is not a pseudo-scientific fad. Young patients suffering from this condition may sometimes be intolerant to methotrexate (MTX), a drug usually prescribed to treat arthritis. Most behavior and cognitive-behavior therapies for anxiety rely on a core principle of change: exposure. Farima R., Dowlatabadi S., Behzadi S. (2015). Although the authors do not comment on this issue, EMDR might act by mediating changes through this same pathway. In their study, one single session was sufficient to produce significant reductions in several measures of anxiety scores immediately after the EMDR treatment (vs Waitlist), with the treatment having lasting effects previous to examinations. This model postulates that the brain possesses an innate information processing system that assimilates new experiences by storing them into memory networks. Summary of the distribution of session number, duration, and average sample size per study type. We searched for published empirical findings on EMDR, excluding those centred on trauma and PTSD, published up to 2020. Ledoux J. E., Brown R., Lau H., Mobbs D. (2017). The present review demonstrates how EMDR has a series of beneficial aspects, although its limitations are intrinsically related to the procedure's implementation. Poverty, depression, and anxiety: causal evidence and mechanisms. The EMDR DeTUR protocol for the treatment of self-injury in a patient with severe personality disorder: a case report, An orienting response model of eye movement desensitization. Dominguez S., Drummond P., Gouldthorp B., Janson D., Lee C. W. (2020). The first psychological model is based on the Orienting Response (OR) phenomenon, described by Pavlov in 1927. By Rebecca Valdez, MS, RDN EMDR's effects are most marked on self-reported measures of anxiety; its impact on physiological measures linked to anxiety (such as heart rate) is less clear-cut. During EMDR, the Prefrontal cortex (PFC) has significant involvement in the treatment of traumatic memories (Pagani et al., 2012) although few instances have shown opposite results (see Landin-Romero et al., 2018). (2011). Of the 90 final studies, 14 different categories of clinical disorders were identified following the ICD classification system with the exception of sleep disorders, Mental disorders of childhood and adolescence and non-psychiatric conditions (Table 2). A., Zitman F. G., et al.. (2010). Belgian Superior Health Council advises against the use of the DSM categories. The efficacy and psychophysiological correlates of dual-attention tasks in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Although timings, as well as protocols, both depend on the needs of the patients in the clinics, it is essential to have a quantification of the reported parameters to understand all factors that may play a role in the assessment of the effectiveness of the technique. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Moreover, in some severe medical conditions, when psychological distress was an obstacle, EMDR allowed the continuation of treatment-as-usual. If you have experienced trauma, you may benefit from EMDR therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be regarded as the psychotherapy with the highest level of evidence. Interestingly, the majority of the RCT's reported success in the critical outcome only. Pagani M., Di Lorenzo G., Verardo A. R., Nicolais G., Monaco L., Lauretti G., et al.. (2012). We identified five group studies. Best Online Therapy That Accepts Insurance, Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, How does eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy work? Although a handful of these neophyte treatments have been tested in scientific studies, it is anybody's guess whether the others actually work. Analyses using structural break-point modelling and reliable change-index demonstrated that results on primary outcomes were significant compared to baseline at post-treatment and as a follow-up. This is of particular importance when considering randomised trials where a certain homogeneity of parameters is of particular relevance to make the proper statistical inferences. Instead, participants were invited to imagine any disturbing situation to which subsequent eye movements followed. Overall, the treatment was well-tolerated, and its efficacy appeared in a short period of time. CS conceptualised the study. As such, it is difficult to gauge the additive effects of an immediately previous EMDR protocol on tinnitus management. Our review identified seven group studies and one case series related to performance anxiety and EMDR. PTSD stands for posttraumatic stress disorder, a condition that some people experience after one or several traumatic events. Reviewed by Gary Drevitch. A recent RCT tested the adjunction of EMDR in addition to TAU in a randomised group of adult patients with alcohol use disorder (Markus et al., 2020). These effects lasted after 3 mo follow up. As with all psychotherapies, one can look at the question of whether EMDR works in several different ways. Frequent Questions - EMDR Institute - EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND A later group study (Brennstuhl et al., 2016) compared two different EMDR protocols [i.e., Standard protocol (Group 1), Pain protocol (Group 2)] to a control group that followed classical psychotherapy (Group 3) on multidimensional components of pain perception (e.g., sensorial, cognitive, behavioural, emotional, PCL checklist, pain perception). For instance, it is not enough to report the positive outcomes; the proper and exhaustive assessment of EMDRs' efficacy compared to other alternatives is needed through rigorous randomised trials with sufficient sample sizes. (2020). After an average of eight sessions of EMDR, there was a significant decrease in headache frequency, but no reduction of pain intensity. EMDR therapists ask their clients to hold the memories of anxiety-provoking stimulifor example, the painful memories of a frightening accidentin their minds. EMDR is an evidence-based therapy primarily used to treat posttraumatic stress (PTSD), but as it gains momentum in mental health circles, indications for its use are ever-expanding. In the face of threat or novelty, a set of behavioural and physiological changes prepare to respond to danger. Neuropsychopharmacol. Shapiro initially developed EMDR to help clients overcome the anxiety associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other anxiety disorders, such as phobias. Results showed significant reductions of Confidence of speaker measures as well as speech anxiety at post-treatment in the EMDR group, but no difference observed in the control group. EMDR helps a person process memories and gets their brain to store them in a new way that's associated with new thoughts and emotions. EMDR is extensively researched and is recognized as an effective treatment by numerous national and international organizations. Flowchart depicting the search, selection, and inclusion of the items of the systematic review. Participants were tested on unspecific imagery; as such, it could be that they were simply more relaxed in general after the procedure and not actual reprocessing occurred. Interestingly, while this study suggests that EMDR may be beneficial for speech anxiety, it is difficult to gauge the specific benefits of eye movements to speech anxiety per se. Our review also showed that studies presented several overlapping factors. Results showed that all OCD symptom-scores were reduced irrespective of modality at post-treatment. The scarcity of literature may indeed be due to the exclusive report of positive findings, yet even the studies with a high level of proof (e.g., RCT's) had several flaws. EMDR Therapy for Anxiety, Panic, PTSD and Trauma - PsyCom Few psychological treatments have been as widely heralded as EMDR. Among the studies comparing EMDR to TAU, a recent study found EMDR to be significantly more effective on Quality of Life in a group of 70 patients suffering from Major Depressive Disorder (Jahanfar et al., 2020). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on the quality of life in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. (2020) on addiction, results not only did not show significant additive effects of AF-EMDR on TAU in drinking behaviour, but also reported that individuals in the control group had a more positive outcome than those with EMDR. Hafkemeijer L., de Jongh A., van der Palen J., Starrenburg A. Eighteen EMDR sessions were to reduce the urge to self-inf-jury to zero. We proceeded by partially following the ad-hoc GRADE system (Atkins et al., 2004) that considers features of each study in a hierarchical manner (Petrisor and Bhandari, 2007). The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing approach in pain management - a case report of a patient with paraparesis. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as an adjunctive treatment of unipolar depression: a controlled study. Understanding and treating narcissism with EMDR therapy, Treating spider phobia with eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing: two case reports. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal ), which was moderate in the case of controlled studies (40%), with higher consistency in the case of RCT's (25%, low inconsistency). Because results and studies are heterogenous, a meta-analysis was not considered and only a descriptive approach was followed. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Rahimi F., Rejeh N., Bahrami T., Heravi-Karimooi M., Tadrisi S. D., Griffiths P., et al.. (2019). In the same vein, we found one case study that examined the effect of EMDR on depression in three patients with specific social, educational and professional deteriorations (Rosas Uribe et al., 2010). EMDR therapy: Benefits, effectiveness, and side effects (2017). Moreover, the standard protocol was used in almost all conditions, except in somatoform disorders, sexual disorders, addiction and eating disorders. The resulting list of articles of all four databases was imported into Mendeley Desktop. (2002). Research studies have shown an impressive EMDR success rate where 84-90% of cases were diagnosed with a cured case of PTSD after some 90-minute therapy sessions. Moreover, the recent evolution in the definition of trauma and its causes, as described in the DSM diagnostic manual (North et al., 2016), the criticism of the categorical approach as diagnostic criteria (Vanheule et al., 2019), and the implication of distressing life events in numerous psychiatric conditions (Kim and Lee, 2016; Copeland et al., 2018, Overstreet et al., 2017), make the efficiency of EMDR outside PTSD plausible. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative approach that is proven to be effective for healing from trauma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and a wide range of other mental health conditions. Pain tolerance, however, resulted in being higher in the EMDR and Music group, suggesting that music has additive effects on EMDR. We found seven studies related to Obsessive-Compulsive disorders (OCD). A., et al.. (2018). The impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memories. We found two case reports on sexual disorders (see Supplementary Table S8). From the total count of studies that reported positive outcomes, over half (58%) of the amount corresponded to studies related to Pain, Anxiety, Mood, Stress. However, the study showed that EMDR results appeared sooner during therapy. We, therefore, performed this systematic review, aimed at investigating the evidence of the use and efficacy of EMDR in other conditions than PTSD by using the PRISMA guidelines for transparent reporting of reviews and meta-analyses. EMDR Therapy Statistics: Trust The Evidence - April Lyons Psychotherapy Vauthier M., Paquet Y., Krumm C. M., Tarquinio C. (2019). Similarly, another study reported on two patients suffering from phantom breast symptoms (Brennstuhl et al., 2015). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on prospective imagery and anxiety in golfers, Efficacy of EMDR therapy for anxiety disorders, Emdr therapy of panic disorder and agoraphobia: a review of the existing literature, EMDR and cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of panic disorder: a comparison. Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in children and adolescent with post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The meta-analysis of RCTs evaluated the effectiveness of EMDR in anxiety disorder, in a total of 17 trials with 647 patients (Yunitri et al., 2020). Carletto S., Malandrone F., Berchialla P., Oliva F., Colombi N., Hase M., et al.. (2021). The therapists' approach to the patients' symptoms determines the target memories, and by doing so, the link between the symptom and the affective memory can be brought about. Knowing strategies to fix problems or prevent them is important. More recently in a meta-analysis that considered only studies with patients formally diagnosed with MDD, Yan et al. A non-randomized controlled trial of EMDR on affective symptoms in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. Posted June 22, 2022 Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Similarly, the average time per session was estimated to range between 70 and 88 min. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr) and eating disorders: a systematic review. Two other studies similarly found good tolerance of the EMDR intervention compared to TAU, crucially they found EMDR particularly interesting because of the speed of its therapeutic action (Gauhar, 2016) and because the EMDR group had fewer relapses at 1-year follow-up (Hase et al., 2015). Their results indicated a decrease in all the measures after EMDR treatment, and these effects were still valid after 3 months follow up. Because REM is characterised by burts of eye Movements, reduction of temperature regulation, alpha waves on EEG and activation within eye nuclei in the brain (Sndergaard and Elofsson, 2008), BLS seems to fit similar activity patterns. The recent review included all types of designs, although only one-third of the studies were randomised controlled trials with a majority corresponding to case studies, suggesting that systematic studies on EMDR remain scarce.
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