[258] Other reputable universities of Finland include Aalto University in Espoo, both University of Turku and bo Akademi University in Turku, University of Jyvskyl, University of Oulu, LUT University in Lappeenranta and Lahti, University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio and Joensuu, and Tampere University. [33][34] In the earliest historical sources, from the 12th and 13th centuries, the term Finland refers to the coastal region around Turku. [135], Section 6 of the Finnish Constitution states: "No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason". Finland is one of the world's most northern and geographically remote countries and is subject to a severe climate. [47] Finland suffered a severe famine in 16951697, during which about one third of the Finnish population died,[48] and a devastating plague a few years later. [41], Swedish was the dominant language of the nobility, administration, and education; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry, clergy, and local courts in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas. ), The 12th and 13th centuries were a violent time in the northern Baltic Sea. After Finland became independent, there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously the Swedish-speaking poet Edith Sdergran. The first inhabitants of Finland were the Sami (Lapp) people who were there when the first Finnish speakers migrated in during the first millennium B.C. Finland Coordinates: 64N 26E Finland ( Finnish: Suomi [suomi] ( listen); Swedish: Finland [fnland] ( listen) ), officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish: Suomen tasavalta; Swedish: Republiken Finland ( listen to all) ), [note 2] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament (and thus the ensuing elections) were extralegal. Finland had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.08/10, ranking it 109th globally out of 172 countries.[102]. Beginning with Paavo Haavikko, Finnish poetry adopted modernism. Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense, civil law or Roman law. [101] Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. Most famous of them were Frans Eemil Sillanp, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939, historical novelist Mika Waltari, and Vin Linna with his The Unknown Soldier and Under the North Star trilogy. [288], Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world. "Russification in Estonia and Finland Before 1917". It is a day dedicated to failures that people have gone through, and the reason to celebrate is to understand the fact that success and failure go hand in hand. [110] Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to 30C (22F) although on coastal areas like Helsinki, temperatures below 30C (22F) are rare. [65][66] The civil war and the 19181920 activist expeditions called "Kinship Wars" into Soviet Russia strained Eastern relations.[67][68]. [183], Lapland has the highest tourism consumption of any Finnish region. Frisland. As in agriculture, the government has long played a leading role in forestry, regulating tree cutting, sponsoring technical improvements, and establishing long-term plans to ensure that the country's forests continue to supply the wood-processing industries. (PDF) A Comparison of E-Government Systems Between Developed and China 3. This phenomenon was given the name "Finlandization" by the West German press.[82]. There are two sign languages: Finnish Sign Language, spoken natively by 4,0005,000 people,[216] and Finland-Swedish Sign Language, spoken natively by about 150 people. Kiribati - 28.3. Finland also has a notable history in figure skating. Part of a series on Scandinavia Suicide Rate by Country 2023 - World Population Review The Pew Research Center estimated the Muslim population at 2.7% in 2016. After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the Finnish Government), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament. [221], English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the first grade (at seven years of age), formerly from the third or fifth grade, in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead). Euro () (EUR) is its official currency. Finland has the highest concentration of cooperatives relative to its population. There are 15 universities and 24 Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in the country. Finland Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI During the Protestant Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism. [248] Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world's happiest countries in the annual World Happiness Report by the United Nations,[249][250][251] as well as ranking as the happiest country in 2018.[252]. Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet J. L. Runeberg (The Tales of Ensign Stl) and Zachris Topelius. [note 5] The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, and Romani people) are protected by the constitution. Best Countries for Racial Equality | U.S. News Transparency International, based in Berlin, has rated Finland since 1998 as the worlds least corrupt country. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position however is not codified in the constitution. 14 calendar days (10 working days, from 0 to 5 years seniority), 21 calendar days (15 working days, from 5 to 10 years), 28 calendar days (20 working days, from 10 to 20 years) and 35 calendar days (25 working days, from 20 years). [136], Finland has been ranked above average among the world's countries in democracy,[137] press freedom,[138] and human development. English is spoken by 63 percent of the population. As of 2022[update], Finland has the lowest non-household electricity prices in the EU. [214] The Finnish side of the land border with Sweden is unilingually Finnish-speaking. In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best-performing country in Olympic history. The retreating glaciers have left the land with morainic deposits in formations of eskers. Finland maintained a market economy. [259], The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education No. Finland - 5.6% (tie) Lithuania - 5.6% (tie) While countries with high rates of depression appear on almost every continent, it seems the Pacific Islands of Oceania include many of the least-depressed places on Earth: Top 10 Countries with the Lowest Rates of Depression: Solomon Islands - 2.9%; Papua New Guinea - 3.0% (tie) Timor-Leste - 3.0% (tie) [13] The Stone Age introduced several different ceramic styles and cultures. [202] 442,290 people in Finland in 2021 were born in another country, representing 8% of the population. [314], Various sporting events are popular in Finland. [85] Financial crises paralyzed Finland's exports in 2008, resulting in weaker economic growth throughout the decade. When conditions had been stabilized, Mannerheim resigned, and Paasikivi was elected president in his place in 1946. [113], The county of Eastern Uusimaa (It-Uusimaa) was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011.[115]. [264] Finland is highly productive in scientific research. What the world can learn about equality from the Nordic model The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches have special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools. [38], As a result of the crusades (mostly with the second crusade led by Birger Jarl) and the colonization of some Finnish coastal areas with Christian Swedish population during the Middle Ages,[39] Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden and the sphere of influence of the Catholic Church. Retrieved 24 June 2008. [272] Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture, lamps, textiles, and glassware, which were usually incorporated into his buildings. [273] Many Finnish musicians have achieved international success. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products. 2. Floorball is the most popular youth and workplace sport.[327][328]. New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote, in 1893. It is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, the Schengen Area, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). PDF World Economic Situation and Prospects 2022 - In the World Rally Championship, Finland has produced eight world champions, more than any other country. Why Finland Is So Happy (and the U.S. Is So Depressed) Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica, 2011. The Livonian Crusade was ongoing and the Finnish tribes such as the Tavastians and Karelians were in frequent conflicts with Novgorod and with each other. [166] The Helsinki Airport-based Finnair, Blue1, and Nordic Regional Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle sell air services both domestically and internationally. The Good Country Index, Results Alongside Sibelius, the distinct Finnish style of music was created by Oskar Merikanto, Toivo Kuula, Erkki Melartin, Leevi Madetoja and Uuno Klami. Finland is also known as Suomi (common, Finnish). Two of the three largest cities in Finland are situated in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan areaHelsinki and Espoo. As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. By the way, Mobile Phone Throwing is an official sport in Finland. [150] The unemployment rate was 6.8% in 2022. [24] Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy. There are 187,888 lakes (larger than 500 m) within the boundaries of Finland. History of Finland Homann's map of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Fennoscandia with their surrounding territories: northern Germany, northern Poland, the Baltic region, Livonia, Belarus, and parts of Northwest Russia. See, Integration and autonomy in the Russian Empire, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands, List of municipalities of Finland in which Finnish is not the sole official language, Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, "11rv Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 19902020", "United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs", "World Economic Outlook Database April 2022", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income", "Tertiary education graduation ratesEducation: Key Tables from OECD", "Her er verdens mest konkurransedyktige landMakro og politikk", History of Finland and the Finnish People from stone age to WWII, "De Vanitate Etymologiae. [289], One of the most internationally successful Finnish films are The White Reindeer, directed by Erik Blomberg in 1952, which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film in 1956;[290][291] The Man Without a Past, directed by Aki Kaurismki in 2002, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2002 and won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival;[292] and The Fencer, directed by Klaus Hr in 2015, which was nominated for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production. In the following chart, the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality (kunta/kommun), not just in the built-up area. One of its most prominent leading figures of the movement was the philosopher and politician J. V. Snellman, who pushed for the stabilization of the status of the Finnish language and its own currency, the Finnish markka, in the Grand Duchy of Finland. [222][223][224][225] German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options). Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear, grey wolf, wolverine, and elk. The Armistice and treaty signed with the Soviet Union in 1944 and 1948 included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations, as well as further Finnish territorial concessions in addition to those in the Moscow Peace Treaty. With its numerous lakes, rivers, and marshlands plus its 78 percent of the country in forestland, Finland from the air looks like an intricate green and blue jigsaw puzzle. 24. [174] The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive. The majority of international cargo shipments are handled at ports. Of the total area, 10% is lakes, rivers, and ponds, and 78% is forest. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin, and has no relation through descent to the other national languages of the Nordics. In 2022, 1211 women entered voluntary military service. Iskelm (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning "hit") is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Your ticket fine is figured on your annual income. Why Finland's Education System is the Best 1.1. Climatic summers (when mean daily temperature remains above 10C or 50F) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September, and in the inland, the warmest days of July can reach over 35C (95F). Economic development was rapid. [16] During the Cold War, Finland adopted an official policy of neutrality. The President is also required by the Constitution to dismiss individual ministers or the entire Government upon a parliamentary vote of no confidence.[119]. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami native region in Lapland for issues on language and culture. [326], Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include Nordic walking, running, cycling and skiing. The most common type of rock is granite. They believe their word is their bond and verbal commitments are considered agreements. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. [21] The earliest people were hunter-gatherers, using stone tools.[22]. Finlands 120 km Pijnne Water Tunnel is the longest tunnel in Europe and the second longest tunnel in the world. [208]) and in the autonomous region of land, which is the only monolingual Swedish-speaking region in Finland. The Finnish people are modest, courteous, and value speaking plainly and openly. Lying approximately between latitudes 60 and 70 N, and longitudes 20 and 32 E, Finland is one of the world's northernmost countries. In 1981, President Urho Kekkonen's failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years. The Sami language is the indigenous language. Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design: among the internationally renowned figures are Timo Sarpaneva, Tapio Wirkkala and Ilmari Tapiovaara. [242] With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age, the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014. Federated States of Micronesia - 28.2. [81] The new jobs in manufacturing, services, and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. In Finland they celebrate annual day for failure. [75] Finnish forces occupied East Karelia from 1941 to 1944. [236] The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two. The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik. Among the world's richest countries, Finland is the third most dedicated to policies that benefit people living in poorer nations. You can even spend the night in an glass igloo to enjoy watching them. History of Finland - Wikipedia Special Children Attend the Same School 1.9. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue. Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2018 Finland is the safest country in the world. 14. Former presidents were K. J. Sthlberg (19191925), L. K. Relander (19251931), P. E. Svinhufvud (19311937), Kysti Kallio (19371940), Risto Ryti (19401944), C. G. E. Mannerheim (19441946), J. K. Paasikivi (19461956), Urho Kekkonen (19561982), Mauno Koivisto (19821994), Martti Ahtisaari (19942000), and Tarja Halonen (20002012). As a result of the two wars, Finland ceded Petsamo, along with parts of Finnish Karelia and Salla; this amounted to 12% of Finland's land area, 20% of its industrial capacity, its second-largest city, Vyborg (Viipuri), and the ice-free port of Liinakhamari (Liinahamari). The country has the third-largest percentage of older people in . [111], In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, the winters are long and cold, while the summers are relatively warm but short. As a liberal nationalist with a legal background, Sthlberg anchored the state in liberal democracy, supported the rule of law, and embarked on internal reforms. Why 2023 is contest's biggest year yet", YLE: Syke, Sorjonen ja Suomi Love myyvt maailmalla, mutta Presidentti ei maistunut kriitikoille, "List of Winners Golden Globes Best Foreign Film", "Finnish Independence Day: Galas, protests and war memories", "Agreeing on History Adaptation as Restorative Truth in Finnish Reconciliation, Mads Larsen, Literature Film Quarterly", "Kriitikot valitsivat kaikkien aikojen parhaan kotimaisen elokuvan", Uuno armeijan leiviss ja muut Turhapuro elokuvat, "World Press Trends: Newspapers Still Reach More Than Internet", "Finnish sauna culture steams up UNESCO Heritage List", "Kalat, joita suomalaiset syvt nyt eniten: Yksi ylivoimainen suosikki", "Salmon soup is one of many Lappish wonders", "Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannuskokko", "Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Koivunoksia ja maitoruokia", "Tnn on vietetty laskiaista mutta tiedtk, mist pivss on oikein kyse? 39. 36. Finland - Wikipedia As of 2021, the top ten countries based on education rankings are: Countries with the Best Educational Systems - 2021 Best Countries . Finland Impact in Global Health - World Health Organization (WHO) The researcher tried to explain and compare two different e-government systems from developing countries (Iraq) and developed countries (Finland) and specified several points between these two . Finland's history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries, but not harsh enough to bar the country from following its path of social development. 17. Within the country, the temperateness varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north, showing characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate. [158][159] Industry and construction consumed 43.5% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland's industries. Lapland | Location, People, Map, & Facts | Britannica 27. [164], Finland's road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. On the most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall to 45C (49F). They have all been turned into supported housing. Finland joined the European Union in 1995, the Eurozone at its inception in 1999 and NATO in 2023. [111], The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry. Besides Lnnrot's Kalevala and Waltari, the Swedish-speaking Tove Jansson, best known as the creator of The Moomins, is the most translated Finnish writer;[267] her books have been translated into more than 40 languages. Top 10 Most Developed Countries - 2023 List - Gazette Review [86][87] Sauli Niinist has subsequently been elected the President of Finland since 2012. [181] In 2017, there were 15.2million overnight stays of domestic tourists and 6.7million overnight stays of foreign tourists. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson (17911858) "we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore, be Finns" a Finnish national identity was established. Economy of Finland - Wikipedia The Finns regard their country as the home of Santa Claus, or Saint Nicholas, and he lives in the northern region of Lapland. 5. Oulu Airport is the second largest with 1 million passengers in 2019 (300,000 in 2020), whilst another 25 airports have scheduled passenger services. [107], A third of Finland's land area originally consisted of moorland, about half of this area has been drained for cultivation over the past centuries. The so-called first crusade to Finland, possibly in 1155, is most likely an unreal event. 4. 3. According to the Population Reference Bureau, 21.9% of Finland's population is 65 and over. Today the Republic of Finland is located on a peninsula geographically within the region of Scandinavia, but Finland is actually part of Fenland instead. There are more saunas than there are cars in Finland, even one in a Burger King! Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology, and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact. Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. For example, universal suffrage was, in practice, virtually meaningless, since the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament. The Sami cultural identity and the Sami language have survived in Lapland, the northernmost province. Finland < Back to all countries Country overview Finland has a decentralized, tax-based health funding system, with about 300 municipalities responsible for the organization and provision of services to citizens and permanent residents. Finlands education system ranks as one of the worlds best, even though children dont go to school until they are seven and its not mandatory to give them grades until the eighth grade. With a high capability of military personnel,[126] arsenal[127] and homeland defence willingness, Finland is one of Europe's militarily strongest countries.[128]. Rossi, Venla: "7 vrinksityst suomen kielest". Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the post-glacial rebound. [27] The Seima-Turbino phenomenon brought the first bronze artefacts to the region and possibly also the Finno-Ugric languages. [70] The FinnishRussian border was defined in 1920 by the Treaty of Tartu, largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga (Finnish: Petsamo) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland. In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Its highest point, the Halti at 1,324 metres (4,344ft), is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway. Day or night, winter or summer, its the law to do so in Finland. In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the Crimean War, when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and land during the so-called land War. The dialects from which the modern-day Finnish language was developed came into existence during the Iron Age. [108], The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone. [173] In 2019, the per-capita income of Finland was estimated to be $48,869. [244] The suicide rates were 13 per 100 000 in 2017, close to the North European average. [51], During the Russian era, the Finnish language began to gain recognition. Other cities with population over 100,000 are Turku, Oulu, Jyvskyl, Kuopio, and Lahti. The distance from the southernmost point Hanko in Uusimaa to the northernmost Nuorgam in Lapland is 1,160 kilometres (720mi). Helsinki is the capital and largest city. [174] Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and ninth in Europe. Potatoes are the favorite side dish at many meals. This also is a world record. During the early postwar decades . Among the top 20th-century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are Eliel Saarinen and his son Eero Saarinen. The most well-known Finnish amusement parks include Linnanmki in Helsinki and Srknniemi in Tampere. In 1906, it was the first country in Europe to provide equal voting rights to women. The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens, as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament. The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness. There are 307 residents for each doctor. Finland - Postwar Economy, Arctic Region, EU Member The Whites, who were supported by Imperial Germany, prevailed over the Reds,[63] and their self-proclaimed Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic. [109] No part of Finland has Arctic tundra, but Alpine tundra can be found at the fells Lapland. Read on to discover 61 interesting facts about Finland. The figures are as of 28 February 2023. Finland is the eighth largest country in Europe yet it is the European Unions most sparsely populated country. The greatest concentration of islands is found in the southwest, in the Archipelago Sea between continental Finland and the main island of land. The Swedish across the border is distinct from the Swedish spoken in Finland. Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe. The autonomous province of land has a permanent democratically elected regional council. [84] Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999. 13. [213] Likewise, a majority of Swedish-speaking non-landers can speak Finnish.
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