Find answers to your Bible questions with Bible Gateway Plus. Chrysostom said it was "all the adversaries of the Word. (1 Thessalonians 2:1-16), 7. The King James Version and the English Revised Version (1885) both have properly placed "again" as a modifier of Pauls coming, and not of any anticipated humiliation. The Rejection of Israel's Messiah - Part IV (Luke 23:26-49), Appendix: For Further Thought (Chapter Study Guides), 4. (2) Insults (Gk. Philip E. Hughes, op. 2 Corinthians 12:9 Verse (Click for Chapter) New International Version 3And I knew such a man, (whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;). CHRIST and the CROSS: Restoration, Part 1, 8. (1 Samuel 16:1). Having shown the reason why he came not to them. 2 I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heavenwhether in the body or out of the body I do not know, God knows. Question: Has the gift of speaking in tongues ceased in the 21st Century church? 2 I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heaven. The plural here, as regards both visions and revelations, supports the possibility that the "third heaven" and "Paradise" could have been the subjects of different visions. 2 Corinthians 12:12 - Bible Hub 25. The Lord responded with yet a third option: leave the thorn, but give Paul grace. Real Religion Requires Endurance James 5:7-20, 7. Bearing Burdens: How One Sinner Relates to the Sin of Another (Galatians 6:1-5), 15. forgive me this wrong. There are no geographical connotations whatever in these words, for the third heaven where God dwells is not a thing of space and physical location at all. Sign up now for the latest news and deals from Bible Gateway! To report dead links, typos, or html errors or suggestions about making these resources more useful use the convenient, Such a one caught up to the third heaven , Children ought not to lay up for parents , If I love you more abundantly, am I loved the less , Uncleanness, fornication, lasciviousness , Lest again when I come my God should humble me . The Unique Contribution of the Book of Acts, 3. To be clear, this is not masochism. The Stewardship of Gods Truth Through Evangelism (Part 4), 8. Frank G. Carver, op. Paul continually viewed his lack of success in winning Israel as weakness; and from the earthly viewpoint it was weakness. 16But be it so, I did not burden you: nevertheless, being crafty, I caught you with guile. New Testament Repentance: Repentance in the Epistles and Revelation, Lesson 3: Serving Through Suffering (2 Timothy 1:8), A Review of: A More Excellent Way by Henry Wright, Innovations in the Text and Translation of the NET Bible, New Testament, 5. Finite man cannot understand infinity. For there Gods grace ignites. Most gladly therefore will I rather glory in my weakness, that the power of Christ may rest upon me. . The thorn generated more than mere annoyance; it generated agony corresponding to the glory of what Paul had seen in the highest heaven. James Macknight, op. Bible Gateway passage: 2 Corinthians 12, 2 Corinthians 12 - King James It means that as we exercise our areas of gifting or strength, we do so in a conscious awareness of our spiritual impotence to bring any lasting fruit out of our own strength or cleverness. 2 Corinthians 12:21 I am afraid that when I come again my God will humble me before you, and I will be grieved over many who have sinned earlier and have not repented of the impurity, sexual sin and debauchery in which they have indulged. As a result, Pauls pursuits are flipped upside down. And so the Lord lovingly, gently, sovereignly afflicts his dear apostle. [c] 3I wrote this very thing so that when I came I wouldnt have pain from those who ought to give me joy, because I am confident(A) about all of you that my joy will also be yours. Saul Fights the Philistines (1 Samuel 14:15-52), 26. For when I am weak, then I am strong. Frank G. Carver, Beacon Bible Commentary (Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press, 1968), p. 624. KJV, Reference Bible, Personal Size Giant Print, Red Letter Edition, Comfort Print, KJV, Reference Bible, Center-Column Giant Print, Red Letter Edition, Comfort Print, KJV, Journal the Word Bible, Large Print, Red Letter Edition: Reflect, Journal, or Create Art Next to Your Favorite Verses, KJV, Word Study Bible, Red Letter Edition: 1,700 Key Words that Unlock the Meaning of the Bible, KJV, Value Thinline Bible, Large Print, Red Letter Edition, Comfort Print: Holy Bible, King James Version, KJV Study Bible, Large Print, Red Letter Edition: Second Edition. Read full chapter 2 Corinthians 12:9 in all English translations episkno) is built on the root word for tabernacle, the portable temple in which alone Gods presence dwelt in times of old. In the sight of God speak we in Christ. Resources Hebrew/Greek Your Content 2 Corinthians 12:2 New International Version 2 I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heaven. Yet surrounding this desire to harass is a purpose to humble Paul, mentioned twice, once at the beginning of the verse and once at the end. The Ministry of the Holy Spirit (John 16:12-33), 32. The Life and Times of Elijah the Prophet The Prophet and the Pagans (1 Kings 16:29-17:24), 22. Pauls contribution is weakness. A. Clines, A New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1969), p. 440. 2 For if I grieve you, who is left to cheer me but those whom I have grieved? The Messiah, an epithet of Jesus. Inability, weakness, and failure feel dangerous. He does not mean by this that grown children have no obligation to their elderly parents when they are in need. For calm, for growth, for joy, for communion with God, for evangelistic unction, for our preaching to sing. There is also an insinuation here that the wicked "apostles" in Corinth were not telling the truth. 1 Corinthians 16:9 For a great door and effectual is opened unto me, and there are many adversaries. 8 Three times I pleaded with the Lord about this, that it should leave me. Etc., etc. 2 For if I make you sorry, who is he then that maketh me glad, but the same which is made sorry by me? Subjects treated by Paul in this chapter are: the revelations he received from the Lord (2 Corinthians 12:1-6), the counteracting thorn in the flesh (2 Corinthians 12:7-10), another regret at the necessity of glorying (2 Corinthians 12:11-12), his independence (2 Corinthians 12:13-15), a reply to false charges (2 Corinthians 12:16-18), and certain cautions and warnings (2 Corinthians 12:19-21). Holy Bible, New International Version, NIV Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc. Used by permission. Though it is not expedient is rendered, "there is nothing to be gained by it"; but, as Filson said: Paul does not mean literally that there is nothing to be gained by it, for he hopes by the boasting, forced upon him, to make the Corinthians see that they have been wronging him and following the false leaders at Corinth he feels driven by a necessity which he cannot evade. Ibid. The Listener's Commentary: 2 Corinthians 12:1-13 on Apple Podcasts Take a 1-minute survey to join our mailing list and receive a free ebook in the format of your choosing. What Must One Do To Be Saved? Is the devil to blame for our sin and suffering? So Paul did in 2 Corinthians, 12:8 what any of us would do: he asked for the thorn to be removed. (Ephesians 5). An Unshakable Kingdom (Hebrews 12:18-29), 6. In fact, miracles never had any other purpose. We today might picture a small rosebush thorn, but the term used (Gk. Access 50+ premium resources. 2 Corinthians 2:12 Now when I went to Troas to preach the gospel of Christ and a door stood open for me in the Lord, Bible > 2 Corinthians > Chapter 2 > Verse 12 eBibles Free Downloads Audio 2 Corinthians 2:12 Context Crossref Comment Greek Verse (Click for Chapter) New International Version Tasker convincingly affirms that "I sent" as used here should not be translated in the past tense, but as "epistolary," and translated in English as the present tense; because these men "had not arrived in Corinth when 2 Corinthians was written, but they will have done so by the time the Corinthians receive the letter." Norman Hillyer, The New Bible Commentary, Revised (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. This, of course, refutes any notion of these last chapters being part of a previously written "severe letter." Copyright 2019 by Zondervan. Pauls Closing Argument, Appeal, and Blessing (2 Cor. The Gospel Under Siege: Christianity Confronts a Cult (Acts 15:1-31), 8. The plural "visions" (2 Corinthians 12:1) is thus fulfilled by the two here given; and, as Hughes said, "The word and at the beginning of this sentence at least seems to indicate that he is narrating something additional." J. R. Dummelow, Commentary on the Holy Bible (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1937), p. 942. Of course, what is intended by the change is to make this a comment of Paul on that "painful visit." The Affliction of the Thorn Here Paul introduces the thorn in the flesh that afflicted him in the wake of his heavenly experience. cit., p. 455. F. W. Farrar, The Pulpit Commentary (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. That moment of life implosion, taken to Christ, is where we will finally get traction and power in our Christian lives. Kelcy has a similar view, "The boasting is not expedient as far as making a real contribution to the spiritual state of the Corinthians is concerned." What Is the Mark of the Beast? Part of the ESV Expository Commentary series. Although there is nothing to be gained, I will go on to visions and revelations from the Lord. I exhorted Titus, and I sent the brother with him. BAGIAN KEEMPAT: PRINSIP PRAKTIS LAINNYA, Lesson 42: Faith to Conquer and Convert (Hebrews 11:30-31; Joshua 2:8-14; 6:2-5, 22-25), The Christian's Present Possessions in Christ, 9. 2 Cornithians is a letter about living in a totally counter-cultural way as we seek to live like Jesus did. The Reluctant Fool (2 Corinthians 11:16-29), The New Testament and Greco-Roman Mystery Religions, 14. For what I have forgivenif I have forgiven anythingit is for you in the presence of Christ. 2 Corinthians 12 New Living Translation Paul's Vision and His Thorn in the Flesh 12 This boasting will do no good, but I must go on. ESV Expository Commentary: RomansGalatians (Volume 10). The Magnificent Meal on Mt. Yes, the thorn in the flesh was the rejection of Christ on the part of the chosen people; and therein lies the explanation of (c) why the Lord did not remove it. Four New Testament scholars offer passage-by-passage commentary through the books of Romans, 12 Corinthians, and Galatians, explaining difficult doctrines, shedding light on overlooked sections, andapplying them to life and ministry today. Jesus Feeds 5,000 People (Matthew 14:13-21; Mark 6:30-44; Luke 9:10-17; John 6:1-15). 2 Corinthians 12 - Coffman's Commentaries on the Bible - Bible Jesus had been with the thief in Paradise already, but he had not yet ascended to the third heaven. A primary preposition; to or into, of place, time, or purpose; also in adverbial phrases. controller; by implication, Master. And who would not, without a thorn to burst that bubble? Why Bad Things Happen to Gods People (2 Cor. This is the mystery, the wonder, the glory, of apostolic Christianity: our weakness attracts, not repels, Gods own power. Whether it was in the body or out of the body I do not knowGod knows. While this appears to be true enough, a warning should be sounded against all of the nonsense that has been written about what occurred on that visit, if it really happened. From Groaning to Glory (Romans 8:18-27), Facing An Affliction Thats Like A Sentence To Death (2 Corinthians 1:8-11), 20. hybreis): mistreatment by others, whether with words or But this is not a concession; it is precisely what God needs. gospel-centered, Bible-centered content. The Nature and Purpose of Spiritual Gifts, 42. And by reason of the exceeding greatness of the revelations, that I should not be exalted overmuch, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, a messenger of Satan to buffet me, that I should not be exalted overmuch. "Paul here revealed nothing, either of what he saw or what he heard. Floyd V. Filson, op. He did not make the request more than twice but fewer than four times. 2 I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heaven. If you have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy or email us at privacy@biblegateway.com. Ibid. The Encouragement of Election (1 Thessalonians 1:1-10), 1. But he has been given a revelation of how heaven intersects with fallen sinners in verses 710, namely, through human weakness. Bible Gateway passage: 2 Corinthians 12 - King James Version The Consciousness of the Soul After Death, Lesson 24: The Power of Prayer (James 5:16b-18), 26. The slander was that, whereas Paul did not take money personally, he was getting the big collection being raised for the poor saints. Sinai (Exodus 24:1-18), 5. When they measure themselves by themselves and compare themselves with themselves, they are not wise. 2 I know a man in Christ, who fourteen years agowhether in the body I do not know, or out of the body I do not know, God knowssuch a man was caught up to the th 9I wrote for this purpose: to test your character(D) to see if you are obedient(E) in everything. Introduction to the Things Predictive (Rev 4:1-22:21), 1. The time of "fourteen years ago" thus applies to both. What is God teaching us about his faithfulness in the story of Hosea and Gomer? See notes on those references. Titus is standing by, here in 2 Corinthians 12, just as he was in 2 Corinthians 8, to bear this epistle to the Corinthians. 19Again, think ye that we excuse ourselves unto you? He is the author ofGentle and Lowly: The Heart of Christ for Sinners and SufferersandDeeper: Real Change for Real Sinners. The Evangelization of Ephesus (Acts 19:8-41). The eternal Spirit is ubiquitous; and as Paul said, "in him we live, and move and have our being" (Acts 17:26). Likewise Hughes commented that "What Paul fears here is a second humiliation." As Carver said: The apostle made use of this analogy only as an illustration of why he did not take advantage of his right as a minister in the gospel. None may deny that a third visit automatically means there had been two others; but not even the approximate time of when it took place may be affirmed from the basis of the scanty references to it here, in 2 Corinthians 2:1; 2 Corinthians 13:1; and 2 Corinthians 12:21. For if I should desire to glory, I shall not be foolish; for I shall speak the truth: but I forbear, lest any man should account of me above that which he seeth me to be, or heareth from me. Man's Failures Do Not Frustrate the . Jesus Christ had promised his holy apostles that they would be able to perform miracles and that God would work with them, "confirming the word" (Mark 16:20); and Paul enjoyed that prerogative along with the other apostles. We do not deny that there was another visit; but this verse may not be pressed into service to prove it. Catholic commentators generally say "lustful thoughts." The first sentence here carries the thought that the Corinthians ought not to consider Pauls words as a mere defense of himself; on the contrary, he was speaking "in Christ," that is, by the direct inspiration of the Holy Spirit; and every word he has written is for the purpose of their edification. 1 I must go on boasting. (C) Whether it was in the body or out of the body I do not knowGod knows.(D). 19, Second Corinthians, p. 291. 2 Corinthians 10:12 - BibleApps.com The Sufficiency of God Through His Spirit (2 Cor. This article is by Dane C. Ortlund and is adapted from ESV Expository Commentary: RomansGalatians (Volume 10). The repetition of the same thought in 2 Corinthians 12:2,3 ("whether in the body ") is difficult to interpret. And I will most gladly spend and be spent for your souls. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1958), p. 169. Chapter 12 Bible Options | + Text Size 1 It is not expedient for me doubtless to glory. Mans Failures Do Not Frustrate the Purposes of God (Romans 11:1-12), 16. If you have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy or email us at privacy@biblegateway.com. And in this new age, Gods power does not operate the way we expect. Get a free copy of the ebook Asking the Right Questions by telling us a little bit about yourself! Book of 2 Corinthians Summary | Watch an Overview Video - BibleProject 2 Corinthians 12:9 But He said to me, "My grace is sufficient for you, for My power is perfected in weakness." Therefore I will boast all the more gladly in my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest on me. 11I am become a fool in glorying; ye have compelled me: for I ought to have been commended of you: for in nothing am I behind the very chiefest apostles, though I be nothing. John A. T. Robinson, Honest to God (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1963), p. 13. 5:20 - 6:10), 39. Whether heavenly things were brought down to him, while his body was in a trance . Chapter 12. cit., p. 175. Is the gift of prophecy (insight into another persons life) for today? On the contrary, we speak with sincerity in Christ, as from God and before God. (1-6) Which were improved to his spiritual advantage. cit., p. 176. forgive me this wrong. Here Paul introduces the thorn in the flesh that afflicted him in the wake of his heavenly experience. When More is Less - Or - What Happened to Gideon? cit., p. 237. walked we not in the same spirit? More than this, it means that when life goes into meltdown, when our feet are swept out from under us with the perplexing surprises of life, we do not throw in the towel. Did I take advantage of you by any of them whom I have sent unto you? Start for FREE. Paul laid hands on the sick, and they recovered (Acts 28:8); he was bitten by a poisonous viper without harm (Acts 28:5); he raised the dead (Acts 20:9ff); he spoke with other tongues (1 Corinthians 14:18); and there were countless other miracles not recorded (Romans 15:19); furthermore, the first three cited above were attested and certified by a competent physician in the person of Luke. 2 Corinthians 12:10: admin: 0.24: 1 Corinthians 5: Bob Utley: 0.24: 2 Corinthians 12:9: admin: 0.24: 26. 5Of such an one will I glory: yet of myself I will not glory, but in mine infirmities. . For those interested in pursuing this further, see op. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 3900 Sparks Drive SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA, including commercial communications and messages from partners of Bible Gateway. 2 1 In fact, I made up my mind about this: [] I would not come to you on another painful visit. 14Behold, the third time I am ready to come to you; and I will not be burdensome to you: for I seek not yours but you: for the children ought not to lay up for the parents, but the parents for the children. Appraising Advice and Doing the Will of God (Acts 21:1-16). The Work of the Holy Spirit in the Believer, 10. What we must not miss is that it is not Pauls strength but Gods. 1:1-11), 5. Would Paul Twitter, Tweet and Text? Survey of Bible Doctrine: Angels, Satan, Demons, 3.7. Although there is nothing to be gained, I will go on to visions and revelations from the Lord. ($2,500+ value!). However, we call attention to the "if" that stands at the head of this paragraph. The thorn was given to harass Paul surely the work of the Devil. Such a one caught up to the third heaven Since the apostle Paul here quite obviously resorted to the third person when narrating these events, the critics who deny the authorship of the book of Jonah on the ground that it was written in the third person are refuted. Start for FREE. All rights reserved worldwide. Because the Lord sought to reassure Paul that he need not earn or deserve Gods presence. It was that faction still impressed with the false apostles against whom these warnings were directed. A Heaven to Seek (Revelation 21:1-22:5), 5. Therefore I will boast all the more gladly of my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest upon me. walked we not in the same steps? He had been given a revelation of heaven in 2 Corinthians 12:16. (1 John 2:28-29). Power for what? B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1970), p. 1086. A man in Christ The center and circumference of Pauline theology are summed up in the phrase "in Christ." "All spiritual blessing in the heavenly places is in Christ" (Ephesians 1:3). 2 Corinthians: The Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians - Bible Hub Pauls question affirms in the accepted idiom of that day the absolute integrity, honesty and sincerity of Titus and the unnamed Christian brother. Dane C. Ortlund(PhD, Wheaton College) serves as senior pastor of Naperville Presbyterian Church in Naperville, Illinois. One Step Forward and Two Backward (1 Samuel 27:1-28:2), 45. we speak before God in Christ: but we do all things, dearly beloved, for your edifying. I must needs glory, though it is not expedient, but I will come to visions and revelations of the Lord. "Uncleanness" means luxurious impurity and profligacy; "fornication" refers to promiscuous sex indulgence and prostitution; "lasciviousness" describes all kinds of misconduct and defiance of public decency. 20For I fear, lest, when I come, I shall not find you such as I would, and that I shall be found unto you such as ye would not: lest there be debates, envyings, wraths, strifes, backbitings, whisperings, swellings, tumults: 21And lest, when I come again, my God will humble me among you, and that I shall bewail many which have sinned already, and have not repented of the uncleanness and fornication and lasciviousness which they have committed. Read full chapter 2 Corinthians 11 2 Corinthians 13 English Standard Version (ESV) He is incapable of doing anything that is morally tainted. Neither the displeasure of the sinners to be rebuked, nor his own pathetic grief over the fallen, nor any humiliation before God that would come of dealing with such wickedness would deter the effective steps contemplated. There has never been anything written that carries any greater internal evidence of being the truth, than what Paul wrote here. I will come to visions and revelations of the Lord. cit., p. 637. I, the first-person pronoun. Though there is nothing to be gained by it, I will go on to visions and revelations of the Lord. General Rule #2: There Must Be Universal Sincerity of Obedience. What Is This Thing Called Love? anankai): experiences that squeeze Paul, forcing him to X, p. 405. cit., p. 631. Signs, wonders and mighty deeds are not three classes of miracles, but three characteristics of all genuine miracles, the same having been given for "signs," that is, confirmatory signs of the truth of what the apostles taught. The very verb he uses, I pleaded (using parakale), not simply I asked, already makes this clear. 18I desired Titus, and with him I sent a brother. Therefore, as far as "the third heaven" is concerned, this writer does not profess to know anything beyond the truth that an apostle was "caught up" into it. For though I would desire to glory, I shall not be a fool; for I will say the truth: but now I forbear, lest any man should think of me above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth of me. Authentic Apostleship (2 Cor. The magnificent Paul would meet the challenge frontally; there would be no compromise; and either the sinners would renounce their sins or the church of God would renounce them. 12When I came to Troas(G) to preach the gospel of Christ, the Lord opened a door(H) for me. There is no authority whatever for making this mean the same thing as "the third heaven," despite the fact of endless arguments that they are the same. 2 Corinthians 12:9 But he said to me, "My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness." Therefore I will boast all the more gladly about my weaknesses, so that Christ's power may rest on me. Mt 12:36; Mk 4:14; Lk 6:47; 8:21; Jn 1:1; 2:22; 18:32; Ac 17:11; 2Tm 2:15; Heb 4:12. p. 634. Paul was writing to a congregation that contained bitter and unscrupulous enemies of the truth; yet Paul dared to call attention to his miracles in this letter. 1 So I made up my mind not to make another painful visit to you. Did Titus take any advantage of you? All rights reserved. The Greek word here rendered when (hotan) suggests that he has in mind a perpetual state of weakness, and thus a perpetual state of receiving divine strength. Carver, with many other eminent commentators, properly saw this verse as "No doubt applicable only to a minority of the church." And this second revelation has inverted his source of boasting. 12It is not expedient for me doubtless to glory. NIV Reverse Interlinear Bible: English to Hebrew and English to Greek. (C)(D) Therefore I will boast all the more gladly about my weaknesses, so that Christs power may rest on me. J. W. McGarvey, Second Corinthians (Cincinnati, Ohio: The Standard Publishing Company, 1916): p. 236. You may unsubscribe from Bible Gateways emails at any time. Copyright 2019 by Zondervan. 9And he said unto me, My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is made perfect in weakness. 1 I must go on boasting. Alexander was sure it was "Malta fever." The Power of God, Prayer, and the Christians Hope (Ephesians 1:19-23), 3. Paul was determined that nothing would prevent his cleaning up the mess in Corinth. The Conduct of the Assembly (1 Thes. 2 Corinthians 12:9 - But he said to me, "My grace is - Bible Gateway Robinsons remarkable blindness to this fact enabled him to write: "Now it seems there is no room for God, not merely in the inn, but in the entire universe; for there are no vacant places left." Having seen now the secret to the power of Christ tabernacling upon him, Paul fills out what he means in verse 9 by I will boast all the more gladly of my weaknesses. What kind of weaknesses? He had even dared dispute with the Lord in his protestations that the Jews would believe him (Acts 22:19); but their stubborn refusal was a continual humiliation to Paul throughout his life. Ye think all this time that we are excusing ourselves unto you. For I fear, lest by any means, when I came, I should find you not such as I would, and should myself be found of you such as ye would not; lest by any means there should be strife, jealousy, wraths, factions, backbitings whisperings, swellings, tumults. 9But he said to me, My grace(A) is sufficient for you, for my power(B) is made perfect in weakness. Unspeakable unlawful In these words are Pauls reasons for not satisfying human curiosity about the things he mentioned (see under 2 Corinthians 12:2). The Transfiguration of Jesus (Mark 9.1-10): Some Biblico-Theological Reflections, 30. And a door was opened unto me of the Lord; and a door had been opened to me in the Lord, Verb - Aorist Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular. 2 I[ a] was caught up to the third heaven fourteen years ago. Indeed, Paul uses ancient language to speak of Gods power as resting upon him. This verse crystallizes and illuminates Pauls entire argument in 2 Corinthians. Klausner believed it was epilepsy. From kuros; supreme in authority, i.e. (3) Paul described the thorn as "a messenger of Satan," which can be nothing but personal in its import; and because the Canaanites were called "thorns in the sides" of the Israelites (Numbers 33:55), there is strong evidence here that Paul referred to bitter and relentless enemies of the gospel, doing the work of Satan; and that is a perfect description of the hardened secular Israelites who engaged in every device that hell could suggest in their godless and persistent opposition to Paul throughout every moment of his apostleship.
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