The brunt of the Federal onslaught fell upon the 1,200 men of Brig. BG John R. Jones (w) "We are driven to protect our own country by transferring the seat of war to that of an enemy who pursues us with a relentless and apparently aimless hostility. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. May 14 and 15, 1864: Battle of Resaca Posted on May 15, 2014 150 years ago today, the Battle of Resaca was entering its final hours. [31] He was a naturally cautious general and assumed he would be facing over 120,000 Confederates. Because of the defeat at the Battle of South Mountain and the inconclusive victory at the Battle of Antietam three days later, Lee retreated into Virginia in 1862. The attack stretched from the Rossville Gap at the Georgia border all the way up to Tunnel Hill at the northern end of Missionary Ridge. I Rode with Stonewall: The War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson's Staff. [26], A significant portion of the battlefield near the west side of the Moser Road and Reno Monument Road intersection has not been preserved. Order of Battle. [23], Lee's invasion was fraught with difficulties from the beginning. I have all the plans of the rebels, and will catch them in their own trap if my men are equal to the emergency. Lee may have had under 40,000 men on the field at Antietam, the smallest and most ragged his army would be until the final days of the Petersburg Siege. The IX Corps was also being joined by Brig. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside, the Right Wing, commanded the I Corps (Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker) and IX Corps (Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno). Banks was dropped from command of the XII Corps and eventually sent to Louisiana. However, by the Summer of 1863, Lee launched his second invasion into the Northern States and fought the Union army in Pennsylvania at the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1-3, 1863. Early on September 14, Union Gen. Jacob D. Coxs Kanawha Division of the Union IX Corps launched an attack against Samuel Garlands brigade at Foxs Gap. The lack of food was a serious problem for the Army of Northern Virginia, as most crops were a month away from harvesting in September and many soldiers were forced to subsist on field corn and green apples, which gave them indigestion and diarrhea. [4] Lee hoped that after taking Harper's Ferry to secure his rear, he could carry out an invasion of the Union, wrecking the Monocacy aqueduct, before turning his attention to Baltimore, Philadelphia, or Washington, D.C. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Help Save 125 Battlefield Acres in Virginia, Help Restore History at Gettysburg, Cold Harbor & More, Help Us Save Hallowed Ground in Tennessee and Kentucky, Help Save 820 Acres at Five Virginia Battlefields, Save 343 Acres at FIVE Battlefields in FOUR Western Theater States, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Support the American Battlefield Protection Program Enhancement Act, Stop the Largest Rezoning in Orange County History, Robert E. Lee's Decision to Invade the North in September 1862, Lee's Proclamation to the People of Maryland, Battle of South Mountain - September 14, 1862, South Mountain - Cramptons Gap - September 14, 1862 - 5:30pm to 6pm. Early on September 14, Gen. Jacob D. Cox's Kanawha Division of the Union IX Corps launched an attack against Samuel Garland's brigade at Fox's Gap. The Battle of Fair Oaks, Va. Fought 31st May 1862. Cleburne's Line. The Battle of South Mountain. How it ended Union victory. Second was the issue of Northern morale. Reinforcements from both sides gathered (not shown), giving Lieut. The II Corps received a new division of nine month troops commanded by Brig. But, when Robert E. Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia on June 1, fortunes reversed. President Lincoln was disappointed in McClellan's performance. . At Turners Gap, Union divisions under Gens. MG James E.B. Gen. David R. Jones's division and Brig. Gen. Samuel Garland, Jr., were killed at Fox's Gap. At around 4 p.m., Slocum's division charged headlong up the slope and into Crampton's Gap, dislodging the outnumbered Confederates from the protection of a stone fence. Richmond (Virginia) Howitzers, 3rd company: Cpt Benjamin H. Smith, Jr. Salem (Virginia) Artillery: Cpt Abraham Hupp, Williamsburg (Virginia) Artillery: Cpt John A. Coke, Blackshears' (Georgia) Battery: Cpt James A. Blackshear, Lloyd's (North Carolina) Battery: Cpt Whitmel P. Lloyd, Patterson's (Georgia) Battery: Cpt George M. Patterson, Ross' (Georgia) Battery: Cpt Hugh M. Ross, Morris (Virginia) Artillery: Cpt Richard C. M. Page, Orange (Virginia) Artillery: Cpt Jefferson Peyton, Turner's (Virginia) Battery: Cpt William H. Turner, Long Island (Virginia) Battery: Cpt Abram Wimbish, Amherst (Virginia) Artillery: Cpt Thomas J. Kirkpatrick, Fluvanna (Virginia) Artillery: Cpt John J. Ancell, Huckstep's (Virginia) Battery: Cpt Charles T. Huckstep, Johnson's (Virginia) Battery: Cpt. Join us online July 24-26! While Confederate Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson surrounded, bombarded, and captured Harpers Ferry (September 1215), McClellan's army of 102,000 men attempted to move quickly through the South Mountain passes that separated him from Lee. Ewell's Division Primary Sources; Secondary Sources; Buckeyes in Georgia; Accounts. Plans to further develop the site of a natural gas plant just south of Foxs Gap remain a significant threat to portions of the South Mountain battlefield. Union casualties of 28,000 engaged were 2,325 (443 killed, 1,807 wounded, and 75 missing); Confederates lost 2,685 (325 killed, 1560 wounded, and 800 missing) of 18,000. . Before he could surrender personally, he was mortally wounded by an artillery shell and died the next day. To counter the Confederate invasion, McClellan led the Army of the Potomac west in an effort to force battle on the isolated parts of Lee's divided force. After days of frustration along the Kennesaw Line, William T. Sherman issued Special Orders 28 on June 24, 1864, ordering an assault against Confederate forces around Kennesaw Mountain. 18 acres were originally acquired by the Trust in 1991, to which 8 acres were added in 1995. Col John H. Lamar, BG Jubal A. Piedmont - HW - June 25, 1864 Battle of New Market New Market - Union Official Rec New Market - Union Order of Battle New Market - Conf Order of Battle New Market - Map - LOC Overland Campaign Battle of Trevilian Station Trevilian Station - Union Off Rec Trevilian Station - Union Order Battle Trevilian Station - Conf Order of Battle On November 25, 1863, more than 50,000 Union soldiers stormed the Confederate defenses along Missionary Ridge east of Chattanooga. In the meantime, elements of the Army of Northern Virginia waited in defense of the passes of South Mountain. Battlefield Photography | The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain The I Corps was the smallest, as it had suffered heavy losses at Second Bull Run (one of its divisions had also been heavily engaged in the Seven Days) and would lose still more men at South Mountain; it is estimated that the corps had 8,000 men at Antietam out of a paper strength of 14,000. Please enable JavaScript in your browser. It seems almost certain that the most exhausted and understrength Confederate divisions were Lawton's and the Stonewall Division, as both had been fighting and marching since May almost without a break. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. McClellan's first choice to lead the I Corps was his friend and intimate Jesse Reno, then having operational command of the IX Corps but instead the position went to Joe Hooker, considered a more experienced officer. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. On the Federal side, the Battle of South Mountain was perhaps the first time the soldiers actually forced Confederate troops to withdraw during battle. His objective was to resupply his army outside of the war-torn Virginia theater and to damage Northern morale in anticipation of the November elections. Ltc Robert D. Gardner (w) One of the more unusual aspects of the Maryland campaign was the severely understrength condition of the Army of Northern Virginia. Esposito, map 56; Rafuse, p. 295; Eicher, p. 341. Battle of South Mountain - South Mountain Heritage Society More gains followed, as 136 acres were preserved in 2000, followed by 26 in 2004. The Confederate invasion might be able to incite an uprising in Maryland, especially given that it was a slave-holding state and many of its citizens held a sympathetic stance toward the South. Union assaults against the Sunken Road ("Bloody Lane") by Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner's II Corps eventually pierced the Confederate center, but the Federal advantage was not pressed. Lee fought McClellan aggressively in the Seven Days Battles; McClellan lost his nerve, and his army retreated down the Peninsula. Atop Pigeon Hill. [1] Although the delay bought at South Mountain would allow him to reunite his army and forestall defeat in detail, Lee considered termination of the Maryland Campaign at nightfall.[2]. 1862 September 14th - American Civil War High Command Hill. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. )[13] Gen. Jesse Reno and Confederate Brig. One possibility is that he knew it commanded his supply lines through the Shenandoah Valley. Gen. John G. Walker (3,400), were to capture Maryland Heights and Loudoun Heights, commanding the town from the east and south. Colonel Benning commanded the remnant of the brigade. During the night, both armies consolidated their lines. [24] Some troops refused to cross the Potomac River because an invasion of Union territory violated their beliefs that they were fighting only to defend their states from Northern aggression. . The Battle of the Crater on July 30, 1864 during the Petersburg Campaign involved only a portion of the troops in the earthworks around the city. Classical period Early modern period 1792-1860 American Civil War 1866-1913 World War I Inter-war period Battle of Antietam | Summary & Significance | Britannica The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Antietam of the American Civil War. He undertook the risky maneuver of splitting his army so that he could continue north into Maryland while simultaneously capturing the Federal garrison and arsenal at Harpers Ferry. A single Confederate division under Gen. D. H. Hill (brigades of Gens. 1st South Carolina (Provisional Army): Col Daniel H. Hamilton, Sr. 13th South Carolina: Col Oliver E. Edwards, 14th South Carolina: Ltc William D. Simpson, 5th Alabama Battalion: Cpt Charles M. Hooper, 1st Tennessee (Provisional Army): Col Peter Turney, 16th North Carolina: Ltc William A. Stowe, 22nd North Carolina: Maj Christopher C. Cole, Crenshaw's (Virginia) Battery: Cpt William G. Crenshaw, 47th Alabama: Col James W. Jackson, Maj James M. Campbell. The III Corps were excellent troops who had fought hard on the Peninsula and at Second Bull Run, while the XI Corps, consisting of a large number of German-American troops, as well as its commander Maj. Gen Franz Sigel had a poor reputation and no record of success on the battlefield. "[12], Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, bolstered by units absorbed from John Pope's Army of Virginia, included six infantry corps, about 102,000 men. The 55,000-man army had been reinforced by troops who had been defending Richmondthe divisions of Maj. Gens. [20], The battlefields are preserved within the South Mountain State Park, Gathland State Park, and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. I think Lee has made a gross mistake, and that he will be severely punished for it. Battle of South Mountain - September 14, 1862, Fox's & Turner's Gaps - September 14, 1862, South Mountain - Fox's and Turner's Gaps, September 14, 1862. We're available on the following channels. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw encountered the slim defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, but only brief skirmishing ensued. To view larger versions of the images above, click on each illustration. On September 18, Lee ordered a withdrawal across the Potomac and on September 1920, fights by Lee's rear guard at Shepherdstown ended the campaign. His new campaign would relieve war-torn Virginia, draw new recruits to his army, and win a decisive victory on Northern soil to earn European recognition of the Confederacy. Toggle Army of Northern Virginia subsection. Bloody Prelude: The Battle of South Mountain. Army of Northern Virginia General Robert E. Lee Jackson's Wing Major General Thomas J. Jackson Hill's Division Major General D.H. Hill Garland's Brigade Brigadier General Samuel Garland 5th North Carolina, Colonel Duncan McRae MG Daniel H. Hill, BG Roswell S. Ripley (w) With the Congressional elections of 1862 approaching in November, Lee believed that an invading army playing havoc inside the North could tip the balance of Congress to the Democratic Party, which might force Abraham Lincoln to negotiate an end to the war. As I pulled my triggerthe line from Shakespeares Tempest flitted across my brain: Hell is empty and all the devils are here.. Union Maj. (For the counter argument that the Union held Fox's Gap, see Hood's Defeat Near Fox's Gap September 14, 1862. [14][15][16][17], By dusk, with Crampton's Gap lost and his position at Fox's and Turner's Gaps precarious, Lee ordered his outnumbered forces to withdraw from South Mountain. The I Corps had excellent troops; as mentioned above the Pennsylvania Reserves had been in the thick of the Seven Days Battles and all three divisions were heavily engaged at Second Bull Run. Crossing the passes of South Mountain was the only way to reach Lee's army. On September 14, 1862, the badly outnumbered rear guard of Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia fought to hold three passes through Maryland's South Mountain against George McClellan's Army of the Potomac. Hill (the Light Division), Brig. When Genl McClellan came thro[ugh] the ladies nearly eat him up, they kissed his clothing, threw their arms around his horse's neck and committed all sorts of extravagances. Maj Hazael J. Williams, Col Edward T. H. Warren Cdear Mountain Union Order of Battle | Civil War Track The Battle of Antietam (or Sharpsburg) on September 17 was the bloodiest day in American military history with over 22,000 casualties. But, Lee's invasion of the north was effectively stopped at South Mountain, and he would order his army to concentrate at Sharpsburg, Maryland. Grimes Portsmouth Artillery, Captain Cary F. Grimes, Troup Artillery, Captain Henry F. Carlton, Your email address will not be published. The fighting was desperate and for the numbers engaged rather bloody. I probably should have posted this from the beginning, but better late than never right? The Battle of South MountainCrampton's, Turner's, and Fox's Gap. Confederate Order of Battle Federal Order of Battle Hill's division counterattacked while many of the Federals were crossing and nearly annihilated the 118th Pennsylvania (the "Corn Exchange" Regiment), inflicting 269 casualties. 268334; McPherson, pp. He waved the order at his old Army friend, Brig. The beach at Haystack Rock is closed due to a cougar sighting We will update the public when it reopens, until notice please avoid the area. [43], On September 19, a detachment of Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter's V Corps pushed across the river at Boteler's Ford, attacked the Confederate rear guard commanded by Brig. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. His new campaign would relieve war-torn Virginia, draw new recruits to his army, and win a decisive victory on Northern soil to earn European . [27], In Maryland, panic was much more widespread than in Pennsylvania, which was not yet immediately threatened. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. Col Jesse M. Williams (w) BG Jubal A. : Lieutenant Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes experience, Captain Augustus C. Thompson, Co. G, 16th Georgia Infantry, For fully ten minutes the bullets were hissing near my ears. 191 in full effect, Lees subordinates left troops to protect vital mountain passes, to hold the quickly advancing Federal Army at bay, as the remainder of the invading army invested in targets prescribed within the commanding generals order. Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson to seize the Federal garrisons at Harpers Ferry and Martinsburg. McPherson, pp. "Lost Cause" propagandists during the postwar years presented a picture of Lee being severely understrength and possibly having as few as 30,000 men on the field. [23], In January 2011, the South Mountain battlefield gained National Heritage Landmark status and in August 2012, the State of Maryland declared its continued commitment to the preservation of these invaluable lands. This left only the thinly spread cavalry of Maj. Gen. J.E.B. McPherson, pp. It included several green regiments and the corps as a whole was quite inexperienced as Second Bull Run had been the only serious engagement it had fought in. Lieut. Col George P. Doles, BG George B. Anderson (mw) Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation.
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